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<title>David Hungerford</title>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Hungerford</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1927<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Brockton%2C_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1993-11-03</span>)</span>November 3, 1993 aged about 66<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Jenkintown%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Jenkintown, Pennsylvania">Jenkintown, Pennsylvania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>, Philadelphia, <a href="University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> (PhD 1961)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Cancer research</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>David A. Hungerford</b> (1927–1993) was an American cancer researcher and co-discoverer of the <a href="Philadelphia_chromosome" title="Philadelphia chromosome">Philadelphia chromosome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery was the first association between a genetic abnormality and a type of cancer,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it changed the direction of cancer research and paved the way for the development of targeted cancer therapies.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_career">Education and early career</h2></div>

<p>David A. Hungerford was born in <a href="Brockton%2C_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton, Massachusetts</a> in 1927. He received his bachelor's degree from <a href="Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> in <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, and earned a PhD in zoology from the <a href="University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.

</p><p>In 1959, while working as a junior research fellow at the <a href="Lankenau_Medical_Center" title="Lankenau Medical Center">Lankenau Hospital</a>'s Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia (later merged with the American Oncology Hospital to create <a href="Fox_Chase_Cancer_Center" title="Fox Chase Cancer Center">Fox Chase Cancer Center</a>), Hungerford and <a href="Peter_Nowell" title="Peter Nowell">Peter Nowell</a>, a pathologist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, discovered what became known as the Philadelphia chromosome.

</p><p>After earning his PhD in 1961, he spent more than two decades as a researcher, first at the Institute for Cancer Research and then later at Fox Chase after its creation in 1974. He retired from Fox Chase in 1982 due to the effects of <a href="Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Hungerford died on November 3, 1993, of lung cancer, at home in <a href="Jenkintown%2C_Pennsylvania" title="Jenkintown, Pennsylvania">Jenkintown, Pennsylvania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His widow, Alice Hungerford, was also a longtime Fox Chase Cancer Center employee. She maintains his legacy and the family's connection with Fox Chase via the David A. Hungerford Endowed Fund in Basic Chromosome Research. Every September she used to host an event to raise money for the endowment.

</p><p>The microscope Hungerford was using when he made his discovery is on permanent public display at Fox Chase.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_of_the_Philadelphia_chromosome">Discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome</h2></div>

<p>At the time of discovery Hungerford was pursuing his PhD, and was studying leukemia cells for a dissertation on human chromosomes. He detected a tiny abnormality in the chromosomes from cultured blood cells taken from two patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). This abnormality would turn out to be the first consistent genetic irregularity associated with cancer in humans. Part of <a href="Chromosome_22" title="Chromosome 22">chromosome 22</a>, and thus some of the genetic code it carried, appeared to be missing. Hungerford and Nowell postulated that a cell was not viable with the loss of that much genetic material. They believed that it was possibly a translocation, meaning the missing piece was attached in a different spot on the chromosome, but they couldn't prove it using the techniques available at the time. In the early 1970s, <a href="Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a> confirmed that it was a translocation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The discovery was called the Philadelphia chromosome after the city in which the researchers' respective institutions were located. They presented their findings in the Journal of National Cancer Institute in 1960. At the time, techniques for preparing chromosomes for microscopic study were still crude, and researchers had found no abnormal chromosomes in cells from patients with CML. Further studies verified the findings.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_scientific_contributions">Other scientific contributions</h2></div>

<p>Prior to the introduction of banding techniques on somatic metaphase chromosomes, David began investigating chromosomes at the <a href="Pachytene" title="Pachytene">pachytene</a> stage in the development of sperm. Each chromosome has a specific, innate banding pattern (later shown to correlate to the banding pattern of somatic metaphase chromosomes), and in 1970 he described how the trisomy mutation associated with <a href="Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> developed in <a href="Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>. At the time of his retirement due to illness in 1982, David had mapped almost half of the normal human complement of chromosomes at pachytene.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFNowell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Nowell, Peter C. (2007-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1934591">"Discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome: a personal perspective"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>117</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">2033–</span>2035. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI31771">10.1172/JCI31771</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1934591">1934591</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17671636">17671636</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/nated/topicpage/hromosome-Abnormalities-and-Cancer-Cytogenetics--879?error=cookies_not_supported&code=a651cb72-b492-4dcd-aca4-b5e04cc5a025">"Chromosome Abnormalities and Cancer Cytogenetics | Learn Science at Scitable"</a>. <i>www.nature.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-nytobit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAltman1993" class="citation news cs1">Altman, Lawrence A. (November 5, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/05/obituaries/david-a-hungerford-dies-at-66-found-genetic-change-in-cancer.html">"David A. Hungerford Dies at 66; Found Genetic Change in Cancer"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/12/18/janet-rowley-1925-2013-u-of-c-scientist-made-breakthrough-cancer-discoveries/">"Dr. Janet Rowley dies at age 88"</a>. <i>tribunedigital-chicagotribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-25</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHungerfordMellmanBalabanLaBadie1970" class="citation journal cs1">Hungerford, David A.; Mellman, William J.; Balaban, Gloria B.; LaBadie, Gundula U.; Messatzzia, Linda R.; Haller, Gail (September 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC283191">"Chromosome Structure and Function in Man, III. Pachytene Analysis and Identification of the Supernumerary Chromosome in a Case of Down's Syndrome (Mongolism)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>67</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">221–</span>224. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970PNAS...67..221H">1970PNAS...67..221H</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.67.1.221">10.1073/pnas.67.1.221</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC283191">283191</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4248157">4248157</a>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.foxchase.org/blog/2009-05-philadelphia-chromosome">https://www.foxchase.org/blog/2009-05-philadelphia-chromosome</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.mainlinehealth.org/research/lankenau-institute-for-medical-research/about/our-history-and-accomplishments">https://www.mainlinehealth.org/research/lankenau-institute-for-medical-research/about/our-history-and-accomplishments</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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